Category Archives: Longevity

Study Links Artificial Sweeteners to Increased Death Risk

Photo by Polina Tankilevitch on Pexels.com

A July 2024 article in the July 31, 2024, Nutrition Journal suggests that artificially sweetened beverage consumption may cause increase risk of death, particularly from cardiovascular disease. From the abstract:

Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated a higher consumption of artificially sweetened beverages in relation to higher risks of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, whereas no relationship of artificially sweetened beverages with cancer mortality was observed. Compared with the participants in the lowest category of artificially sweetened beverage intakes, those in the highest category had a 13% higher risk of premature death from any cause, and a 26% higher risk of CVD (cardiovascular disease) mortality. Each one additional serving increase in artificially sweetened beverage consumption was associated with 6% and 7% higher risk for all-cause and CVD mortality, respectively. In a dose-response meta-analysis, we also observed a linear association of artificially sweetened beverage consumption with CVD mortality, with a non-linear positive association of artificially sweetened beverages with all-cause mortality. Despite this, substitution of sugary sweetened beverages with artificially sweetened beverages was associated with a lower risk of all-cause and CVD mortality. Various sensitivity analyses and subgroups analyses demonstrated the robustness of the pooled associations. Per NutriGrade, quality of the overall evidence was scored moderate for CVD mortality and all-cause mortality.

Steve Parker, M.D.

Ketogenic Diets Reduce Risk of Death

Many physicians and dietitians have been hesitant to suggest ketogenic diets due to 1) possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and 2) unknown effects on overall mortality.

But a study published at Scientific Reports in October 2024 suggests that ketogenic diets reduce overall mortality by 24% with no effect on cardiovascular-related deaths. Click the link to see the full report. I haven’t read it yet. Don’t ask me what “restricted cubic spline function” means!

Steve Parker, M.D.

h/t The Low Carb Diabetic

Evidence for Long-Term Safety of Ketogenic Diets

Many physicians and dietitians have been hesitant to suggest ketogenic diets due to 1) possible increased risk of cardiovascular disease, and 2) unknown effects on overall mortality.

But a study published at Scientific Reports in October 2024 suggests that ketogenic diets reduce overall mortality by 24% without no effect on cardiovascular-related deaths. Click the link to see the full report. I haven’t read it yet. Don’t ask me what “restricted cubic spline function” means!

Steve Parker, M.D.

h/t The Low Carb Diabetic

PS: My Resuscitating U.S. Healthcare: An Insider’s Manifesto for Reform ranks at #153 in Health Policy at Amazon’s Kindle store.

Dick Van Dyke and Old Age

If you’re under 60 this may not mean anything to you but it brought a tear to my eye. Coldplay fans may be interested.

Steve Parker, M. D.

Are Dan Buettner’s “Blue Zone” Longevity Hot Spots Legit?

Photo courtesy of USAID SEA. Original public domain image from Flickr

Not according to this analysis. For more info on the Blue Zones, see my review of Buettner’s book.

Steve Parker, M.D.

Ultra-Processed Foods: Not So Bad After All?

Free cheesecake covered berries image“/ CC0 1.0

We’ve heard or suspected for years that whole foods are healthier for us than processed and ultra-processed foods. But is it true?

The British Medical Journal earlier this year published a study concluding that:

…a higher intake of ultra-processed foods was associated with slightly higher all cause mortality, driven by causes other than cancer and cardiovascular diseases. The associations varied across subgroups of ultra-processed foods, with meat/poultry/seafood based ready-to-eat products showing particularly strong associations with mortality.

You can read the study for yourself free online. Did Big Food (e.g., Archer Daniels Midland, Con-Agra, Monsanto) exert any pressure on the researchers. I dunno.

From the Intro:

Ultra-processed foods are ready-to-eat/heat industrial formulations made mostly or entirely from substances derived from foods, including flavors, colors, texturizers, and other additives, with little if any intact whole food.1Ultra-processed foods, which are typically of low nutritional quality and high energy density, have been dominating the food supply of high income countries, and their consumption is markedly increasing in middle income countries.2 Ultra-processed food consumption accounts for 57% of daily energy intake among adults and 67% among youths in the US according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).34

Ultra-processed foods usually disproportionately contribute added sugars, sodium, saturated fats and trans fats, and refined carbohydrates to the diet together with low fiber.56 As well as having low nutritional quality, ultra-processed foods may contain harmful substances, such as additives and contaminants formed during the processing.

Neurologist Steven Novella wrote a brief post about this study over at Science-Based Medicine. You may also find the comment section there enlightening.

Steve Parker, M.D.

Hospice Nurse Julie McFadden Explains Why She Doesn’t Fear Death

Julie has a YouTube channel about hospice nursing, death, and dying.

But if you want to live as long and healthy as possible, consider the Mediterranean diet!

Steve Parker, M.D.

I Told You So: Mediterranean Diet Prevents Cardiovascular Disease

Branzino, aka European Bass, live in Mediterranean waters

Yet another epidemiologic study supports the contention that the Mediterranean diet reduces cardiovascular disease. The higher the adherence to the Medi diet, the less cardiovascular disease over the next 20 years. I scanned the report down to the Discussion section and, surprisingly, didn’t catch their definition of cardiovascular disease. It usually refers to heart attacks, strokes, angina, congestive heart failure, and hypertension. Some would include aneurysms. The study at hand was done in Greece. You can read the whole thing.

Regarding the fish above…. I was eating at a fancy French restaurant in Pensacola, FL, about 30 years ago and a table mate ordered fish (du poisson?). When it arrived with head ON, she immediately demanded it be taken back to the kitchen for removal of the head!

Abstract

Background and aims

Only few studies have assessed longitudinal dietary trends in relation to cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. We aimed to evaluate the association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet, both baseline and longitudinal, and 20-year CVD incidence.

Methods and results

This was a prospective study among 1988 Greek adults (50% men, age: 45 ± 14years). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was evaluated at baseline and 10 years through the MedDietScore, based on which longitudinal Mediterranean diet trajectories were identified. CVD incidence was recorded at 20 years. Each one-unit increase in baseline MedDietScore was associated with an 8% reduction in 20-year CVD incidence. Compared to subjects in the lowest tertile of baseline MedDietScore, those in the highest exhibited a 44% lower 20-year CVD risk (relative risk: 0.56, 95% confidence interval: 0.32, 0.97) adjusted for age, sex, baseline body mass index, smoking, physical activity, presence of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus, and family history of CVD; further adjustment for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, uric acid and estimated glomerular filtration rate attenuated this association. Results were similar in models adjusted for longitudinal changes in body weight, physical activity and smoking, and 10-year medical status. Mediterranean diet trajectory analysis revealed that 24.7%, 8.6%, 45.8% and 20.9% of participants longitudinally sustained a low adherence, moved closer, moved away or sustained a high adherence, respectively; among those, the corresponding CVD incidence was 63.3%, 65.5%, 28.1% and 9.4% (p-value<0.001).

Conclusion

The Mediterranean diet offers long-term protection against CVD, part of which is mediated by inflammation, uricemia and renal function.


Steve Parker, M.D.

PS: The study is in Nutrition, Metabolism & Cardiovascular Disease: “Mediterranean diet trajectories and 20-year incidence of cardiovascular disease: The ATTICA cohort study (2002–2022),” published in January 2024.

Why Do Women Live Longer Than Men?

Jim Goad is one of my favorite living cultural commentators. On par with a young P. J. O’Rourke, who died in 2022 at age 74. Last year Goad wrote a thoughtful and thought-provoking article on why women outlive men. A sample:

This disparity is not exclusive to the United States. In fact, it’s worse elsewhere. Worldwide, women outlive men by an average of seven years. According to a 2001 report, the only five countries on Earth where men outlived women were the flea-bitten open-air latrines we call Afghanistan, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, Namibia, and Zimbabwe. But a report from 2017 says there’s no longer any country on the planet where men outlive women.

It wasn’t always this way.

According to data from developed countries, men lived longer than women throughout most of the 1800s, only for the longevity stats to tip in favor of females during the 1890s — an advantage that women have held ever since. Women are supposedly more vulnerable than men to infectious diseases, but once male scientists got a grip on the microbes and brought those pesky critters to heel, women started living longer than men.

As far as I know, women have never thanked men for it.

+ + +

For another example of Goad’s work, check out his valentine, Why I Never Gave Up On Women.


  Steve Parker, M.D.

Faster Walking Speed May Prevent Type 2 Diabetes

You probably want to shoot for a speed of 3 miles per hour or higher.

She is walking the rare amarillo labradorius gigantus

The British Journal of Sports Medicine published an article by researchers based in Iran. They analyzed 10 cohort studies that looked at average habitual walking speed and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Study subjects were not in Iran, but in the U.S., U.K., and Japan.

An easy, casual walking speed is 2 miles per hour (mph) or less. Brisk walking speed is 3-4 mph. The researchers found that a habitual walking speed of even 2.5 mph was linked to a slightly lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared to the casual walkers. A more definitive reduction of diabetes incidence (25%) was seen in those who walk at 3 to 4 mph.

For those of you who think in terms of km/hr: An easy, casual walking speed is 3.2 km/hr or less. Brisk walking speed is 4.8-6.4 km/hr. The researchers found that a habitual walking speed of even 4 km/hr was linked to a slightly lower risk of type 2 diabetes compared to the casual walkers. A more definitive reduction of diabetes incidence (25%) was seen in those who walk at 4.8-6.4 km/hr.

This doesn’t necessarily mean that you’ll cut your risk of developing type 2 diabetes if you increase your habitual walking speed from an easy stroll to 3 mph or higher. But it is suggestive and there is physiological science to support that suggestion. The problem is that this study was observational. Which means it’s possible that faster walkers are simply overall healthier than slower ones. They walk faster because they’re healthier and are just constitutionally (genetically?) less prone to illness. To prove that faster walking speeds prevent some cases of type 2 diabetes, you’d have to take 2,000 slow walkers and somehow motivate 1,000 of them to walk faster habitually, while making sure the slow-pokes stay slow for 5-10 years. Keep everything else the same for all 2,000. After 5-10 years, you compare the incidence of diabetes. That study will not, probably cannot, be done.

  Steve Parker, M.D.

h/t to Diabetes Daily for a well-written article on this.